Method of and a device for forming a fluidtight duct transition through a wall

ABSTRACT

In order to pass a duct across a wall between two spaces in which different pressures prevail, there is formed in said wall a passage which is temporarily closed off by means of a panel applied in position by the pressure, whereafter, at the time at which the duct is to be passed across the wall, the pressures in the two spaces are equalized making it possible to remove the temporary closure, the duct is introduced through the passage, a temporary seal between the passage and the exterior of the duct is formed, the pressure difference between the two spaces is restored, and a final seal between the passage and the exterior of the duct is created.

The present invention relates to the execution of a fluidtight duct transition across a wall separating two spaces which are at different pressures, the term "duct" being intended in the broadest possible sense and covering, for example, a pipe or for that matter an electrical or telecommunications line. The invention is applicable in particular to the situation in which a submarine pipeline enters a watertight chamber located at the bottom of the sea and communicating with the atmosphere through a watertight duct.

For example, in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 521,075, filed Nov. 5, 1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,938,343, a platform structure has been described which is designed to rest under its own weight upon the sea bed through the medium of a base forming the foot of a tower surmounting an emergent superstructure, and comprising a strong watertight barrel which does duty as a shaft and communicates with one or more watertight radial tunnels located in the base in proximity of the sea bed, the ends of which tunnels are closed off from the sea by watertight walls. These tunnels are designed to make it possible to carry out, in the dry, connections between submarine pipelines and pipes located inside the platform. In this particular example, the object of the present invention is to enable a pipeline to penetrate into a tunnel across the terminal wall thereof, and to re-establish the watertightness of said wall in order that the piping connections can then be carried out in the dry, inside the tunnels.

More generally, the object of the present invention is a method of executing a duct transition across a wall, between a space in which a certain pressure prevails (which space will hereinafter be referred to as the first space) and a space which is normally at a pressure differing from the first pressure (which space will hereinafter be called the second space), whilst preserving the fluidtightness of the wall.

To this end, in accordance with the present invention, across the wall a passage is formed which is closed off by utilising the pressure difference prevailing between the two spaces, that is to say by means of a panel subjected to the pressure differential and, at the time at which it is desired to pass the duct across the wall, the second space is placed at the same pressure as the first, making it possible to open the passage hitherto closed due to the pressure differential, whereupon the duct is passed through the passage, the latter temporarily sealed around the duct, the normal pressure restored in the second space, and, finally, the final sealing of the passage, around the duct, effected.

The invention also relates to a device for implementing This method, which comprises a passage passing right through the wall from one side to the other and opening into the first space through an orifice which is closed by a panel operated by pressure differential, at least one annular seal arranged in the passage, means for filling said second space with a fluid at a pressure substantially equal to that prevailing in the first space in order to enable the differential-operated panel to be lifted away, means for introducing the duct through the passage and the annular seal, means for clamping the annular seal against the duct, means for discharging the fluid from the second space and means for finally sealing the passage around the duct.

In one embodiment, which is particularly advantageous in the case where the wall is built before the diameter of the duct which is to pass across it, is known, the passage comprises a tubular body placed in position in the wall at the time of building and a sleeve matching the duct diameter, which can be introduced into said tubular body and fixed there in a fluidtight fashion. The (pressure) differential-operated panel is, of course, fitted to that end of the tubular body which opens into the first space, and the other end is closed off by a second panel in order to form a fluidtight caisson which preferably communicates with the second space through a vent controlled by a pressure-balancing cock. For example, in the case where the duct is a pipeline resting upon the sea bed and provided with cathodic protection against electrolytic corrosion, the sealed attachment of the sleeve in the tubular body will preferably be designed to provide electrical insulation.

The annular seal will preferably be an inflatable seal, making it possible to pass the duct freely through the passage, whereupon the seal can be inflated in order to effect the temporary seal. Advantageously, two inflatable seals will be provided, one near each end of the passage. The passage will advantageously contain guide elements projecting radially inwards beyond the inflatable seal or seals when said latter are in the deflated state, in order to protect them whilst guiding the duct on its way through the passage. If the duct is drawn through the passage by a cable, said projecting guide elements will preferably be supplemented by one or more rings which prevent the cable from rubbing against the inflatable seal or seals.

The final seal can be produced by injecting an adhesive cement such as an epoxy resin into the annular space defined between the duct and the passage, for example between the two provisional seals if two are in fact provided, and will advantageously be supplemented by a mechanically clamped safety seal, for example a seal of the gland kind operated either manually or hydraulically. The safety seal can be attached by an expansion joint, to one end of the passage.

It is also possible to reinforce the fluidtightness of the attachment of the sleeve within the tubular body, by injecting an adhesive cement, for example an epoxy resin, into the space between them.

The description which now follows in relation to the attached drawings given by way of non-limitative examples, will indicate the advantages of the invention and the method by which the latter is to performed, all the features contained in the description and in the drawings forming, self-evidently, part of said invention.

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a concrete wall forming one wall of a chamber at atmospheric pressure, located on the sea bed and transversed by a tubular element closed off by two panels in order to form a watertight caisson.

FIG. 2 is a view similar to that of FIG. 1 showing a sleeve fixed in the tubular element, and the end of a submarine pipeline which is in the process of being drawn into the chamber.

FIG. 3 is a view similar to that of FIG. 2 showing the condition of the device at the end of the operation.

FIG. 3a is a view similar to that of FIG. 3 showing a modification.

FIG. 4 is a view similar to that of FIG. 3 but this time schematic in form and on a smaller scale, illustrating the cutting and connection of the end of the pipeline.

FIG. 5 is a view in section on the line V--V of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a view similar to that of FIG. 4, illustrating a modification.

FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view taken on the line VII--VII of FIG. 6.

In FIG. 1 there can be seen a concrete wall 1 which provides a watertight closure for the end of a tunnel 2 located in the base 3 which forms the foot of a tower (not shown) similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,938,343, already referred to. This tower consists of a strong watertight barrel, (not shown) open to the atmosphere and communicating with several tunnels such as that 2 disposed radially in the base 3. The tunnel 2 is designed to receive the end of a pipeline (as shown at 4 in FIG. 2) for purposes of connection in the dry, with piping arrangements (not shown) arranged in the tower, thus enabling various operations to be carried out on the product which the pipeline is carrying, and also, possibly, enabling connections to be established with other pipelines (not shown) passing through other tunnels into the tower.

In the wall 1 at the time of construction of the tower, a watertight caisson comprising a tubular body 5 passing through the wall from one side to the other, has been installed, and two panels 6, 7 fitted to the two ends of said tubular body. The tubular body 5 is equipped externally with ribs 5a which are embedded in the concrete and the wall has been provided around said body, at the tunnel end and the external end, with two grooves 5b, 5c which have subsequently been filled with epoxy resin in order to establish a watertight seal between the tubular body 5 and the wall 1. The panel 6, located at the external end, possesses a flange 6a which is clamped against a flange 5d on the tubular body, with sealing rings 6b in between, by means of a split collar 8; it is equipped externally with a lug 6c which enables it to be slung. The panel 7 is equipped with a flange 7a which is clamped against the flange 5e on the tubular body in order to trap between the two an elastic seal 7b, the clamping action being produced by bolts 7c. The panel 7 is also equipped with a lug 7b for attachment of a sling and contains a tube 9 closed off by a cock 9a which can be opened in order to equalize the pressures in watertight caisson and tunnel 2.

When the tower is placed in position with its base resting upon the sea bed 10a, the tunnel remains at atmospheric pressure since it communicates with the open air through the barrel which has not been shown, so that the panel 6 is applied against the flange 5d by the pressure of the water 10, this in principle producing a perfectly watertight pressure differential closure. The external panel 7 is therefore provided purely by way of a precaution in order to prevent any risk of accidental flooding of the tunnel 2 with water in the event of the accidental failure of the external closure.

At the time at which it is desired to introduce the end of a pipeline 4 into the tunnel 2, there is lowered into same, through the barrel which has not been shown, a sleeve 11 having an external dimension such that it can be inserted into the tubular body 5, as FIG. 2 shows, and an internal diameter suitable to receive the pipeline 4 as FIG. 3 shows. The precaution will have been taken to prepare in advance sleeves having internal diameters which match pipelines of various diameters so that it will be possible to stock and lower into the tunnel an appropriate sleeve as soon as the pipeline diameter is known. Then, the cock 9a is opened in order to ensure that equal pressures prevail in caisson and tunnel or in order to equalize these pressures if they are dissimilar. Whereupon the bolts 7c are removed and the panel 7 is taken out of the tunnel, being lifted through the agency of its lug 7d.

Then the sleeve 11 can be engaged and fixed in the tubular body 5. The sleeve 11, to this end, is provided at that of its ends which is first introduced into the tubular body, with a ring 12 of an electrically insulating material having a diameter such that it can slide smoothly into the tubular body, its other end having a flange 13 which is capped against the flange 5e, an electrically insulating seal 13a being interposed between the two, by bolts 13b each of which is surrounded by an insulating sheath and is provided with insulating washers beneath its head and the cooperating nut. The sleeve 11 is provided internally in the neighbourhood of its two ends, with two annular, inflatable seals 14, 15 which are protected by skids 16, 17, 18 and by a ring 16a, and can be inflated through the medium of a pipe 19 passing through the flange 13 and supplied from a compressed air source which has not been shown, situated in the open air at the top of the tower. The skids are distributed at angular intervals in the bore of the sleeve 11 and project radially inwards beyond the seals 14, 15 when the latter are in the deflated state (FIG. 2), down to a radius somewhat larger than that of the pipeline 4. The ring 16a links the tips of the skids 16. Between the skids 16 and the ring 12, the sleeve has a tapered entry 11a which is designed to act as a guide at the time of introduction of the pipeline, and this will be explained hereinafter. A pipe 20, extending from the tunnel 2 across the flange 13, opens into the bottom part of that section of the bore of the sleeve 11, which is disposed between the seals 13 and 14, and another pipe 21 extending from the top part of said bore section, opens into the tunnel across the flange 13.

When the sleeve 11 is in place in the tubular body 5, the crew are evacuated and the tunnel 2 is filled with water at the same pressure as the external water 10 (FIG. 2), for example by filling the tunnel and the barrel (not shown) with water by a pumping or syphoning operation, until sea level is reached. The sea water pressure then no longer acts upon the panel 6 and the latter can be removed; this operation is carried out by divers who separate the two halves of the split collar 8 in a manner known per se and hook the end of a cable to the lug 6c making it possible to raise the panel to the surface. The divers then pass through the sleeve 11 the end of a cable 22 which is wound on to a winch (not shown) arranged in the tunnel and attach this end of the cable to a conical traction head 23 fixed to the end of the pipeline 4. The winch (not shown) can be remote-controlled from the top of the tower and it is operated in order to slowly winch up the cable 22 and thus progressively draw the terminal portion of the pipeline 4 into the tunnel 2. When the end of the pipeline is resting on the sea bed 10a, the cable 22 passes over the ring 16a which prevents it from rubbing against the seals 14, 15 and damaging them, thereafter the traction head 23 and the pipeline end slide into the tapered entry 11a of the sleeve and over the skids 16, 17, 18, the latter in turn preventing any friction with the seals 14, 15 with the consequent possibility of damage.

As FIG. 4 shows, the cable 22 enters an anchoring device 24 with a tapered entry 24a also comprising a semicircular channel 25a (FIG. 5) formed in a concrete saddle 25 in the tunnel and aligned with the axis of the sleeve 11, and also possessing a plurality of half-collars 26 which can be fixed to said saddle 25 by means of nuts 26a screwed on to studs 26b embedded in the concrete. The nuts 26a are slacked off so that the half-collars 26 form in relation to the channel 25a a cylindrical passage through which the pipeline 4 can slide. The traction applied to the cable 22 by the winch (not shown) enables the traction head and the pipeline 4 to engage in the taper entry 24a and then in the cylindrical passage, and the winch is halted as soon as the pipeline end has passed the device 24 (position shown in FIG. 4). Then, the nuts 26a are tightened down so that that portion of the pipeline located in the tunnel 2 is held in position on the axis of the sleeve 11 and axially locked.

This done, the compressed air source (not shown) is set into operation in order to supply the pipe 19 and to inflate the seals 14, 15 (FIG. 3), thus temporarily sealing the clearance between the pipeline 2 and the sleeve 11 and making it possible to evacuate the water from the tunnel. To this end, the water is pumped out of the barrel (not shown) and the tunnel, in order to dry them out. Then, the nuts 26a are tightened down in order to clamp the end of the pipeline 4 between the half-collars 26 and the channel 25a and to thus position and lock it, whereupon the sealing is completed by the provision of a mechanically clamped safety seal 27 and by injecting epoxy resin into the annular space 28 between the pipeline 4 and that portion of the bore of the sleeve 11, which is located between the inflatable seals 14 and 15.

In the embodiment illustrated, the safety seal 27 is a gland or stuffing box comprising a box 27a attached in watertight fashion to the flange 13 by means of bolts 27b, in which box a seal 27c is compressed by a screwed ring 27d held in position by a screwed cap 27e. After the fitting of this safety seal 27, the annular space 28 is cleared of water by introducing compressed air into the pipe 21 so that the water and moisture are blasted out through the pipe 20 which is kept open, whereupon epoxy resin is injected through the pipe 20, keeping the pipe 21 open in order to completely fill the space 28 with resin. This adheres to the walls of the pipeline and the sleeve 11 and thus creates the final seal.

Then, around the pipeline 4 in proximity of the safety joint 27, a centering collar 29 (FIG. 4) is attached to the walls of the tunnel by rods 30 tensioned by means of turnbuckles 31, and the pipeline is cut at the point 32. The stresses applied to the pipeline by the cutting operation run no risk of damaging the seals 27 and 28 since the stresses are developed between two regions which are immobilised respectively by the device 24 and the collar 29. Then, the cut-off end of the pipeline is removed and the pipeline connected to a piping (not shown) which is positioned and secured in the device 24. Connection will advantageously be effected by means which electrically insulate the pipeline 4 from the piping which has not been shown. The pipeline can thus be given cathodic protection against electrolytic corrosion since it is electrically insulated from the said piping and the walls of the tunnel (by the elements 12 and 13a, FIG. 3).

FIG. 3a illustrates a modification in which the tubular body 5 is traversed by two pipes 20a and 21a opening respectively in proximity of its top and bottom generatrices. These two pipes terminate in the tunnel where they are closed off by screwed plugs (not shown).

The pipes 20a and 21a are used to inject epoxy resin into the annular space 28a defined between the tubular body 5 and the sleeve 11, in order to reinforce the seal around same. Preferably, this operation will be carried out after having engaged and fixed the sleeve in the tubular body and before flooding the tunnel 2. To this end, the screwed plugs are removed (they have not been shown in fact) and epoxy resin is injected through the pipe 20a whilst keeping the pipe 21a open in order to completely fill the space 28a with resin. The resin adheres to the walls of the sleeve 11 and of the tubular body 5 and reinforces the watertight seal. However, it is also possible to carry out injection after having dried out the tunnel; this will then advantageously be preceded by an operation which consists in blowing compressed air into the pipe 21a in order to displace moisture from the space 28a through the pipe 20a which is maintained open for the purpose.

FIG. 6 illustrates a modification in which, instead of directly attaching the safety joint to the flange 13 of the sleeve 11, it is fixed to one end of an expansion bellows 33 the other end of which is attached to said flange 13. The bellows 33 is externally protected by a cylindrical casing 33a and is attached to the flange 13 as soon as the latter has been fixed to the flange 5e of the tubular body 5, whereupon the tunnel 2 is flooded, the cover 6 removed, the pipeline introduced, the seals 14, 15 inflated and the tunnel dried out in the manner described in relation to the preceding figures. Then, the safety joint is attached to the free end of the bellows 33 and epoxy resin is injected at 28 in the manner already described. In the embodiment illustrated, the safety joint 34 is of the transverse clamping type, being produced by means of two split collars 34a, 34b provided internally with seals 34c and clamped together by bolts 34d.

This assembly is designed to enable the pipeline 4 to slide longitudinally in relation to the wall 1 and thus avoids any risk of failure of the pipeline in the event of minor displacements of the tower structure relatively to the sea bed. The anchoring device 24 is replaced by a simpler device 25 comprising a single collar 35a bolted to the saddle 25 and designed to position albeit not to lock, that portion of the pipeline which is located inside the tunnel as well as the piping (not shown) which is connected to the pipeline, that is to say in order to maintain them in alignment with the axis of the sleeve 11 whilst still allowing them to slide axially. In the event of any small sliding movement of the pipeline (some few centimeters), the seal at 28 retains its integrity, the epoxy resin being sufficiently elastic to be capable of deforming whilst continuing to adhere to the pipeline and to the sleeve 11. If the adhesion is destroyed by the occurrence of larger displacements, then the seal is guaranteed by the safety joint 33.

It goes without saying that the embodiments described are purely examples and are open to modification, in particular by the substitution of equivalent techniques, without in so doing departing from the scope of the invention. In particular, instead of electrically insulating the sleeve 11 from the tubular body 5, it is possible to electrically insulate the latter from the wall 1, for example by coating its external surface and its ribs with epoxy resin, before embedding it in the concrete. 

I claim:
 1. A method of executing the transition of a duct across a wall between a first space in which a first pressure prevails and a second space normally subjected to a second pressure differing from the first, comprising the steps of: forming a passage across the wall, temporarily closing the passage by a pressure-differential method which utilizes the difference between the first pressure and the second pressure, subjecting the second space to the first pressure, reopening the passage, passing the duct through the passage, temporarily sealing the passage around the duct, restoring the second pressure in the second space, and finally sealing the passage around the duct.
 2. A device intended to establish a transition for a duct across a wall between a first space in which a first pressure prevails and a second space normally at a second pressure differing from the first, comprising means forming a passage across said wall and including a peripheral rim facing that of said spaces which is normally at the higher pressure, a temporary closure means and means for placing same against the peripheral rim in such a fashion that the temporary closure means is applied against said rim by said higher pressure in order to close off the passage, means for subjecting said second space to the first pressure in order to make it possible to remove the temporary closure means, means for removing same, means for introducing the duct through the passage, means for temporarily sealing the passage around said duct, means for restoring said second pressure in said second space, and means for finally sealing the passage around the duct.
 3. A device as claimed in claim 2 in which the means used to submit the second space to the first pressure comprise means for introducing into said second space a fluid at a pressure substantially equal to the first pressure, and the means for restoring said second pressure in said second space comprise means for evacuating the fluid from said second space.
 4. A device as claimed in claim 2, comprising a further temporary closure means, and means for applying same in fluidtight fashion against a further peripheral rim of the passage in order to define a fluidtight caisson in the passage between the temporary closure means and the further temporary closure means.
 5. A device as claimed in claim 4, comprising a venting means linking the fluidtight caisson with the second space, and a pressure-balancing cock for opening and closing the venting means.
 6. A device as claimed in claim 2, in which the means forming the passage comprise a tubular body integral with the wall, a sleeve matched to the diameter of the duct, and means for introducing the sleeve into the tubular body and for securing it there in a fluidtight fashion.
 7. A device as claimed in claim 6, comprising an insulating joint in order to electrically insulate the sleeve from the wall.
 8. A device as claimed in claim 6, comprising an annular space between the sleeve and the tubular body, and means for injecting an adhesive cement into the annular space.
 9. A device as claimed in claim 2, in which the temporary sealing means comprise an annular seal arranged in the passage, and means for clamping the annular seal against the duct.
 10. A device as claimed in claim 9, in which the annular seal is an inflatable seal, and the means for clamping the annular seal against the duct comprise means for inflating said inflatable seal.
 11. A device as claimed in claim 10, comprising guide elements for the duct, arranged in the passage and projecting radially inwards beyond the inflatable seal in the deflated state thereof.
 12. A device as claimed in claim 10, comprising at least one annular element arranged in the passage and projecting radially inwards beyond the inflatable seal in the deflated state thereof.
 13. A device as claimed in claim 10, comprising a further inflatable seal located at an axial interval from said inflatable seal and defining therewith, in the inflated state, an annular chamber extending around the duct, means for drying out the annular chamber and means for injecting an adhesive cement into said annular chamber.
 14. A device as claimed in claim 2, comprising in the second passage means for maintaining the duct in a centered attitude in the passage.
 15. A device as claimed in claim 2, in which the final sealing means comprise a mechanically clamped seal which is operable from the second space.
 16. A device as claimed in claim 15, comprising, in the second passage, means for maintaining the duct centered in said passage and for locking the duct axially.
 17. A device as claimed in claim 15, comprising an expansion joint linking the mechanically clamped joint to the wall.
 18. A device as claimed in claim 17, comprising, in the second passage, means for maintaining the duct centered in the passage, whilst still enabling it to slide axially. 